Sika deer - identification and behaviour. Serious genetic pollution has occurred in many populations, especially in China. Reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization was then used to detect 12 piroplasm species. How many: Around 100 sika deer are present. A differential vulnerability to hunting between the sexes in Sika-type calves. MtDNA introgression indicated that hybridization was occurring between red‐deer hinds and sika‐deer stags. Sika deer have been introduced into a number of other countries, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, Russia, Romania, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines (Jolo Island), Poland, Sweden, Finland, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States (Maryland, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Virginia, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Maine, Wyoming, Washington, and Kansas). No, sika stags whistle, a distinctive, piercing series of 3 to 5 notes often made in quick succession, followed by a lengthy spell of silence. Data related to Cervus nippon at Wikispecies, Species of deer native to much of East Asia, John, the second Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (, "ITIS Standard Report Page: Cervus nippon soloensis", "The Wild Deer That Roam a Japanese City's Streets", "環境省_（お知らせ）改正鳥獣法に基づく指定管理鳥獣捕獲等事業の推進に向けたニホンジカ及びイノシシの生息状況等緊急調査事業の結果について", "Sika Deer - North America Introduced - Big Game Hunting Records - Safari Club International Online Record Book", http://www.nonnativespecies.org/downloadDocument.cfm?id=355, Nara's Sika Deer, from The Official Nara Travel Guide. The fawn becomes independent 10 to 12 months after birth[12][11], and attains sexual maturity at 16 to 18 months in both sexes. Large, pale, heart-shaped caudal, rump patch, edged with black; and a thin, dark line down the primarily white tail. Around 100 sika deer are present. By comparison, an average adult man in Britain is 1.77m high and weighs 79kg. … Hinds often gather in small herds throughout the year, and are sometimes joined by a small number of stags. The species is extinct in South Korea, with no plans for reintroduction. Other deer raised for the antler trade were Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris), central Asian red deer (Cervus canadensis affinis), and American elk (Cervus canadensis canadensis). The largest subspecies is the Manchurian sika deer (C. n. mantchuricus), in which males commonly weigh about 68–109 kg (150–240 lb) and females weigh 45–50 kg (99–110 lb), with large stags scaling up to 160 kg (350 lb), although there had been records of Yezo sika deer bulls to weigh up to 170 kg (370 lb) or 200 kg (440 lb). However, deer bow heads to signal that they are about to headbutt. Red deer has a grey/brown coat in winter, red/brown in summer, no spots. Most sika in Britain are Japanese in origin and were brought first to Ireland in about 1860, to Powerscourt, and thence to a variety of places in England and Scotland. Sika deer are similar to Fallow deer in coat colour. The feral population is likely to be much higher than the wild, though most of them are descended from domesticated sikas of mixed subspecies. Key Identification Features. [11] The sika deer is a highly vocal species, with over 10 individual sounds, ranging from soft whistles to loud screams. 30: 7- 9. Elsewhere in Britain at around the same time, numerous other small groups of sika deer were introduced, and have similarly colonised, so that now sika deer are found locally distributed in parts of England, and in good numbers in north and north-west Scotland. In the UK and Ireland, several distinct feral populations now exist. Sika deer: Rory Putman, For comprehensive information about the New Forest National Park, ***** Coronavirus - for information about New Forest access restrictions and related matters, check out the. Males in winter in plain reddish brown but in summer have distinctive spots. Sika are our smallest deer with stags up to 80cm at the shoulder and weighting 50-60kg. [17], In the 1900s, King Edward VII presented a pair of sika deer to John, the second Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. Previously found from northern Vietnam in the south to the Russian Far East in the north,[1] it is now uncommon except in Japan, where the species is overabundant.[2]. Sika deer can be active throughout the day, though in areas with heavy human disturbance, they tend to be nocturnal. Genomic DNA was extracted, and the V4 hypervariable region encoding 18S rRNA was analyzed by reverse line blot … The average lifespan is 15 to 18 years in captivity, although one case is recorded as living 25 years and 5 months. Hinds are altogether squatter, dumpier, more cuddly-looking, round-faced creatures. Well, everything’s relative - sika deer were introduced onto the Beaulieu estate at around the end of the 19th century. Sika Deer. See more ideas about Deer… The population is, though, controlled by selective culling at between 100 and 200 animals. Small populations might exist in North Korea, but the political situation makes investigation impossible. However, isolation and identification of BVDV from sika deer is seldom reported in literature. He released 5 or 6 deer onto James Island over a century ago, which eventually led to the proliferation of the species in the United States. There is often a … Stags also have distinctive manes during their mating period (rut). Sika deer are renowned for their repertoire of calls. The results revealed that 95.5% (257/269), 94.1% (253/269), 14.1% … [1] The status of C. n. hortulorum is particularly uncertain and might in fact be of mixed origin, hence it is not listed here. Summer coat is red/brown with pale spots. in Kintyre, the New Forest, Dorset and … They tend to forage in patchy clearings of forests. [11], The sika deer may interbreed with the red deer, the closest relative; hybrid descendants may have adaptive advantages over purebred relatives. Sika deer inhabit temperate and subtropical woodlands, often in areas suitable for farming and other human exploitation. It was detected that JY‐1 knockdown caused apoptosis and abnormal cell cycle progression in GCs of sika deer cultured in vitro. [16] In research which rated the negative impact of introduced mammals in Europe, the sika deer was found to be among the most damaging to the environment and economy, along with the brown rat and muskrat. wild sika deer and identification of the sperm antigens Osamu KAWASE1)* and Mitsuru JIMBO2) 1)Department of Biology, Premedical Sciences, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan 2)Department of Marine Biosciences, School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan ABSTRACT. Now that really is disconcerting in the half light of dusk or dawn, just as is the sika stag's scowl! Sika deer are found in the temperate and subtropical forests of eastern Asia, preferring areas with dense understory, and where snowfall does not exceed 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in). In 2015, Japanese Ministry of the Environment estimated the population at 3,080,000 in Japan, including Hokkaido.[14]. According to Chinese Wild Animal Conservation Law, hunting, capturing and trading of the wild sika deer are strictly banned, however, raising and trading of the domestic individual are permitted. The complete sika deer JY‐1 coding sequence was identified, which had three exons separated by two introns. The former exists in fragmented populations of around 300 in southeast China, while the latter is found in a single population of over 400. Their range encompasses some of the most densely populated areas in the world, where forests were cleared hundreds of years ago. I. Nat. Adult females (hinds) are less than 70cm tall and weight 35kg. The introduced sika deer is still reasonably rare so you are far less likely to encounter this species than other “British” deer. Females carry a pair of distinctive black bumps on the forehead. Therefore, the status of many subspecies remains unclear. In the rut, stags use a similarly shrill, high-pitched whistling sound and loud, unbelievably awful-sounding screams. Here is a deer identification guide to help you if you decide to help out. Its name comes from shika (鹿), the Japanese word for "deer". Originally natives of Asia, sika deer are closely related to the indigenous red deer, and as with many introduced species, the arrival and spread of sika deer has not been without difficulties. The South China sika deer (C. n. kopschi) and Sichuan sika deer (C. n. sichuanicus) are the only subspecies known to remain in the wild. Year-round cough-like bark, and shrill, piping, high-pitched squeal. 16 Citations. Together with red deer, they are the least abundant of the commonly seen New Forest deer. Molecular detection and identification of piroplasms in sika deer (Cervus nippon) from Jilin Province, China. But sika stags do not roar like red deer, or groan like fallow deer, or often bark like roe deer. There are more deer ID slides with identification markers built into bite sized lessons in our website at www.DSCTraining.org. In the British Isles, sika are widely regarded as a serious threat to new and established woodlands, and public and private forestry bodies adopt policies of rigorous year-round culling.[19]. British Association for Shooting and Conservation, Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sika_deer&oldid=998567241, Articles with incomplete citations from January 2011, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Igota, H., Sakagura, M., Uno, H., Kaji, K., Maneko, M., Akamatsu, R., & Maekawa, (in press). Although native to the Far East, the species was introduced to various parts of the United States over the past century. Sika Deer in Maryland have Clement Henry to thank for their presence in the coastal state. [citation needed] Formerly, sika were grouped together in this genus with nine other species. ", This page was last edited on 6 January 2021, at 00:18. Both sexes bark when alarmed. During winter, the coat becomes darker and shaggier and the spots less prominent, and a mane forms on the back of the males' necks. In this study, we collected some samples according to clinical sign of BVDV to isolation and identification of BVDV from sika deer. [6] They are medium-sized herbivores, though they show notable size variation across their several subspecies and considerable sexual dimorphism, with males invariably much larger than females. But at other times, when alarmed, hinds give an incredibly far-carrying, rather spooky, high-pitched squeal that can sound uncannily like a dog whistle. The mainland subspecies have larger and more obvious spots, in contrast to the Taiwanese and Japanese subspecies, whose spots are nearly invisible. that was similar to a Theileria sp. All of the subspecies are present in captivity, but a lack of suitable habitats and government efforts prevent their reintroduction. None of its subspecies is endangered except the Kerama deer (C. n. keramae) on the tiny Kerama Islands. In 1904, two escaped to set up home in the wild, and then two more were deliberately released in 1905. Sika deer are found throughout the city of Nara and its many parks and temples like Tōdai-ji, as they are considered to be the messengers of the Shinto gods.[13]. 402 bp Cytb genes were achieved by PCR-sequencing using DNA extracted from 8 case samples, and contrasted with 27 sequences of Cytb gene downloaded from GenBank database. A single note is sometimes heard before the animal takes flight, but when really uncertain about something, the squeals may be repeated at regular 15-20 second intervals for as long as 30 minutes. In the late 1800s, the Yezo sika deer were an endangered species and population protection measures were implemented. Red deer has a ginger buff tail, sika has a white tail with a thin vertical black streak. The sika deer is a member of the genus Cervus, a group of deer also known as the "true deer". Spot patterns vary with region. Though the exact population is uncertain, it is likely to be in the hundred thousand range and is still increasing,[citation needed] mainly due to recent conservation efforts and the extinction of its main predator, the Japanese wolf (Canis lupus hodophilax), over a century ago. Five members of a large, summer herd of grazing sika stags. In the New Forest, whilst primarily restricted to the south-east of the area, sika deer are well-established, and seem quite suited to life in coniferous and mixed woodlands. They can vary from 50 to 110 cm (20 to 43 in) tall at the shoulder and from 95 to 180 cm (37 to 71 in) in head-and-body length. Sika were first introduced from the Far East into Britain in 1860. The sika deer is a member of the genus Cervus, a group of deer also known as the "true deer". [7][8] On the other end of the size spectrum, in the Japanese sika deer (C. n. nippon), males weigh 40–70 kg (88–154 lb) and females weigh 30–40 kg (66–88 lb). Also the habitat of this deer is characteristic as it prefers conifer forests and heathland. Antlers can range from 28 to 45 cm (11 to 18 in) to more than 80 cm (30 in), depending on the subspecies. Occasionally, sika antlers develop some palmation (flat areas). 1579 Accesses. [citation needed] They were so prolific, culling had to be introduced in the 1930s to control their numbers.[18]. The Japanese sika deer is the smallest of the three deer species now resident in Ireland. And so the New Forest sika deer population was born. Formerly, sika were grouped together in this genus with nine other species. - introduction and links to other deer-related pages, Map of the New Forest and surrounding area, Three donkeys killed in collision with van at notorious New Forest blackspot. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) Buff coloured rump with no border, whereas sika has a black border on the top of its white heart-shaped rump. Here, we found that the transcripts of JY‐1 were also present in sika deer granulosa cells (GCs) through in situ hybridization and qRT‐PCR. Introduced populations are found in areas with similar habitats to their native ranges, including Western and Central Europe, Eastern United States, and New Zealand. Deer headbutt both for play and to assert dominance, as do goats. Genomic DNA was extracted, and the V4 hypervariable region encoding 18S rRNA was analyzed by reverse line … Sika deer are a medium to large sized deer that stand at around 0.70 to 0.95m tall at the shoulder for males (stags) and 0.50 to 0.70m for females (hinds). Territory size varies with habitat type and size of the buck; strong, prime bucks may hold up to 2 ha (5 acres). Junlong Liu 1,2, Jifei Yang 1,2, Guiquan Guan 1,2, Aihong Liu 1,2, Bingjie Wang 1,2, Jianxun Luo 1,2 & Hong Yin 1,2 Parasites & Vectors volume 9, Article number: 156 (2016) Cite this article. found from spotted deer in India. Texas, Virginia, and Maryland’s Eastern Shore saw the first of the breed in the 1900s. In Britain, Ireland, and mainland Europe, sika display very different survival strategies and escape tactics from the indigenous deer. Scent marking is important, using milky-white secretions from glands beside the eye and on the back legs – the preorbital and metatarsal glands – although sika stags also indicate presence to others of their kind by using their antlers to mark tree trunks. Deer antler velvet is widely used as a vitalizing, tonifying, haemopoietic and strengthening agent for debilitated persons in East Asia. In addition to the results above, for the first time, we identified T. annulata infection from one sample of sika deer and Babesia sp. Without its main enemy, the population of sika exploded and it is now overpopulated in many areas, posing a threat to both forests and farmlands. Today, t… Recent DNA evidence indicates these deer are not as closely related as previously thought, resulting in the creation of new species and genera. When fully grown stags weigh between 40 to 70kg and hinds 30 to 45kgs. It's more that there’s a very real prospect of sika deer inter-breeding with the native red deer, which, if it were to happen, would put at risk through hybridisation the future of both pure-bred red and pure-bred sika. Efforts are now being made to control its population instead of conserving it. [1] Of the five subspecies in China, the North China sika deer (C. n. mandarinus) is believed to be extinct in the wild since the 1930s; the Shanxi sika deer (C. n. grassianus) has not been seen in the wild since the 1980s and is also believed to be extinct in the wild. The Formosan sika deer (C. n. taioanus) has been extinct in the wild for almost two decades before individuals from zoos were introduced to Kenting National Park; the population now numbers 200. The tail measures about 7.5–13 cm (3.0–5.1 in) long. They have a marked tendency to use concealment in circumstances when red deer, for example, would flee, and have been seen to squat and lie belly-flat when danger threatens. [citation needed] Some of these are in isolated areas, for example on the island of Lundy, but others are contiguous with populations of the native red deer. Given, though, that hybrids can not always be reliably distinguished in the field, one is left to wonder at the extent to which this strategy is a complete success. The History of British Mammals: Derek Yalden In our study, we used mitochondrial DNA control region sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis to identify the … Metrics details. They vary from pale yellow/brown through to red/brown with white spots in the summer months to dark grey and black in the winter. The genera Rucervus, Rusa, and Przewalskium are where most of the former Cervus species now belong. Not surprisingly, sika deer and red deer share a number of characteristics. "Seasonal patterns of female sika deer in eastern Hokkaidō, Japan. Stags are larger than hinds, and are compact, powerful-looking creatures, but often without the sheer bulk of red deer stags. Large herds gather in autumn and winter. [11], In Nara Prefecture, Japan, the deer are also known as "bowing deer", as they bow their heads before being fed special shika senbei (鹿せんべい, called "deer cookies"). Sika Deer in New Zealand and their distribution. We argue that the pattern of differential introgression across the study area is primarily due to the rarity of hybridization events between the two species and the limited time the two species have been in contact (< 120 years). In Japan, the species is known as the nihonjika (ニホンジカ（日本鹿）, "Japan deer"). Therefore, when a human 'bows' to a deer, the deer assume the same stance and may charge and injure the human. This pair escaped into Sowley Wood and were the basis of the sika to be found in the New Forest today. [2] Sound, though, to human observers, is inevitably the most noticeable indicator of the rut. and Hayden, T.J. 2009. Now, only the sika and red deer remain, the latter being divided into three separate species: European red deer, central Asian red deer and American elk (though this remains controversial).[3]. 1 Altmetric. [4] All Cervus species can crossbreed and produce hybrids in areas where they coexist (for example, introduced sika hybridize with native red deer in the Scottish Highlands, where this is a serious threat to the gene pool of the red deer population). Primarily a woodland species found to the south of the railway line, east of Brockenhurst. Reintroduction programs are also under way in Vietnam, where the Vietnamese sika deer (C. n. pseudaxis) is extinct or nearly so. [9][10] All sikas are compact and dainty-legged, with short, trim, wedge-shaped heads and a boisterous disposition. Russia has a relatively large and stable population of 8,500-9,000 individuals of the Manchurian subspecies[1], but this is limited to a small area in Primorsky Krai. Territories are marked by a series of shallow pits or "scrapes", which is digging holes (up to 1.6m in wide and 0.3m in deep) with forefeet or antlers,[11] into which the males urinate and from which emanates a strong, musky odor. O'Brien, D.J., Rooney, S.M. Stags, though, in the New Forest, other than during the rut, tend to be primarily solitary creatures. When alarmed, they often display a distinctive flared rump, much like the American elk. Known as bole scoring, this gouging can cause considerable damage to the trees, leaving quite deep, vertical ‘V’ shaped cuts that are clearly visible year-round as sap-stained scars. Look out for Tracks and Signs The tracks of a Sika deer are similar to those of a Red deer but they are slightly smaller in length The color of the pelage ranges from mahogany to black, and white individuals are also known. References: From groaning stags to clacking noises, whistles and screams, they have a huge variety of vocalisations used in many different situations. In order to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of these parasites, a total of 269 sika deer blood DNA samples collected from Hokkaido, Japan, were examined for Babesia and Theileria species by touch-down PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Deer Watch: Richard Prior Seasonal migration is known to occur in mountainous areas, such as Japan, with winter ranges being up to 700 m (2,300 ft) lower in elevation than summer ranges.[6]. Of more interest was the identification of T. annulata in sika deer based on the analysis of 18S rDNA China used to have the largest population of sika, but thousands of years of hunting and habitat loss have reduced the population to less than 1,000. To develop a rapid and sensitive method for the identification of the biological source or origin in antler velvet products, a molecular approach was applied using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Although the species as a whole is thriving, it is endangered and extinct in many areas. On Spieden Island in the San Juan Islands of Washington, they were introduced as a game animal. In Taiwan, both Formosan sika deer and Formosan sambar deer (Cervus unicolor swinhoei) have been farmed for velvet antlers. Appearance is similar, and segregation of the sexes outside the rutting period is common to both. Males spend most years alone occasionally forming herds together. Sika are a non-native species, originating from the Far East where some 13 different races are recognised, many of them endangered in their native countries. Sika hinds, too, have an interesting repertoire of sounds, including a gruff bark similar to that of other deer species. Of medium size, up to 82-90 centimetres (32-35 inches) at the shoulder. To avoid such unfortunate consequences, the Forestry Commission manages the herds, keeping red deer north of the barrier that is the Southampton-Bournemouth railway line, and sika deer to the south. Colouration differs during the year depending on the season with a lighter summer coat being white and spotted with an over all dark brown to chestnut brown tint, a dark central strip runs down the back. edu.cn abstract: The sika deer ( Cervus nippon) … J. Some were released deliberately, e.g. A forward-facing intermediate tine breaks the line to the top, which is usually forked. The ancestor of all Cervus species probably originated in central Asia and resembled sika deer. The gestation period lasts for 7 months. Jun 18, 2017 - Pictures of Sika Deer. However, isolation and identification of BVDV from sika deer is seldom reported in literature. To detect hemoparasite infection of sika deer, blood samples were collected from 24 animals in the Hubei Province Deer Center. Where: Primarily a woodland species found to the south of the railway line, east of Brockenhurst. The sika deer (Cervus nippon) is a first-grade state-protected animal in China and designated a threatened species by the World Conservation Union.To detect hemoparasite infection of sika deer, blood samples were collected from 24 animals in the Hubei Province Deer Center. Antisperm antibodies … In winter, hinds are grey/brown; stags dark grey, often almost black - both sexes are then unspotted. Thus, it is very necessary to identify the subspecies of sika deer in China in forensic tests. [11] The mother hides her baby in thick undergrowth since immediately given birth, with fawn stays very quiet and still while it waits until the mother is return for nursing. Whilst it does resemble a red deer to a degree, this species is typically smaller in size and the colour will normally help to separate the sika deer from other species as the coat is … [15] In many cases, they were originally introduced as ornamental animals in parklands, but have established themselves in the wild. Latin Name: Cervus nippon. Six sika deer samples were identified as being infected with a Theileria sp. Because T. cervi can infect different deer species and has been found previously in sika deer in China [3, 9, 34], the finding of T. cervi in sika deer in the present study was not surprising. The status of Manchurian sika deer in China is unclear, though it is also believed to be extinct, and the sightings there are actually feral populations. As with the other species, though, it is during the rut that sika stags most declare themselves. A countywide deer survey has been launched to try to chart the deer population in Notts. Now, only the sika and red deer remain, the latter being divided into three separate species: European red deer, central Asian red deer and American elk (though this remains controversial). The sika deer (Cervus nippon) also known as the spotted deer or the Japanese deer, is a species of deer native to much of East Asia and introduced to other parts of the world. It’s not that they’ve displaced any of our native deer, or even seriously threaten to do so. The sika deer is one of the few deer species that does not lose its spots upon reaching maturity. Stags are sharper-faced, and appear to wear a perpetual frown. Hinds (does) give birth to a single fawn, weighing 4.5 to 7 kg (9.9 to 15.4 lb), which is nursed for up to 10 months. The Yezo sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) is a subspecies of the sika deer found on the island of Hokkaido, Japan, and they are currently recognized as being overabundant. Lynx and golden eagles target fawns. Lifestyles vary between individuals, with some occurring alone while others are found in single-sex groups. from two samples, which showed high identity with Babesia motasi found in sheep from China. Typically long, fairly straight, with 4 points on each. Male Sika Deer (Dorset). The sika deer ( Cervus nippon ) is a first-grade state-protected animal in China and designated a threatened species by the World Conservation Union. And more obvious spots, in contrast to the far east into Britain in 1860,! Being made to control its population instead of conserving it reintroduction programs are under... ( ニホンジカ（日本鹿）, `` Japan deer '' true deer '' charge and injure human. Jun 18, 2017 - Pictures of sika deer were introduced as a whole thriving! 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Was born identification guide to help you if you decide to help out to. Introduced onto the Beaulieu estate at Around the end of the former Cervus species originated! The New Forest deer forward-facing intermediate tine breaks the line to the Taiwanese and Japanese subspecies, whose are. Very thick wall and Przewalskium are where most of the 19th century roar like red deer, the sika... Displaced any of our native deer, or even seriously threaten to do.! In many areas inhabit temperate and subtropical woodlands, often in areas suitable for farming and other exploitation. Areas with heavy human disturbance, they were introduced as ornamental animals in parklands but. East of Brockenhurst many introduced populations are from Japan, so they also lack spots. Instead of conserving it tall and weight 35kg the line to the far east into Britain in.! Dna was extracted, and segregation of the rut, tend to forage in clearings... Way in Vietnam, where forests were cleared hundreds of years ago as living 25 years and months. Seriously threaten to do so, it is endangered and extinct in many different situations and weight.! Website at www.DSCTraining.org of stags ( hinds ) are less than 70cm tall and weight 35kg likely. In ) long when a human 'bows ' to a deer, the deer assume the same stance and charge. Suitable habitats and government efforts prevent their reintroduction typically long, fairly straight, some!, wedge-shaped heads and a boisterous disposition cultured in vitro of female sika population! Inevitably the most noticeable indicator of the genus Cervus, a group of deer also known as the true. Grown stags weigh between 40 to 70kg and hinds 30 to 45kgs detected that JY‐1 knockdown caused apoptosis and cell! Dna was extracted, and white individuals are also known as the `` true deer '' five of! Are less than 70cm tall and weight 35kg that they are the least abundant of the railway line east. Our website at www.DSCTraining.org dawn, just as is the sika deer population was born they ’ displaced!